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Photosynthesis
and Respiration
Overview
of
Cellular
Respiration
Glycolysis
Acetyl CoA
Bridge
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Fermentation
Summary
Lecture
Syllabus
IB 100/101 Home
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Chapter 4, The Energy of Life, Pages 80-96
Chapter 6, How Cells Release Energy, Pages 120-132
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Objectives:
The content of today's lecture will help you complete this
assignment:
After studying this material you should be able to:
-
Explain how the process of respiration is involved in net
primary
production and an increase in plant biomass.
-
Draw a diagram of part of a cell including a portion of
cytoplasm
and a mitochondrion. Describe the energy transformations that occur in
the cytoplasm and mitchondria as chemical energy from glucose and other
compounds is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP.
-
List the inputs (raw materials) and outputs (products) of
glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the respiratory (electron transport)
chain.
-
Describe the roles of ADP, ATP, NAD+, NADH, and a proton
gradient in
the enzyme reactions of the Krebs Cycle and the respiratory (electron
transport) chain.
-
Explain where in the respiratory pathway O2 is
used and
CO2 is produced.
-
Describe the role of oxygen in the process of aerobic
respiration.
-
Explain how weight loss and CO2 production are
inseparably linked.
-
Explain how proteins and fats may be utilized by the
enzymes
involved in respiration.
-
Explain the role of the respiratory pathways in the
processing of
compounds for biosynthesis.
-
Compare the energy output (in the form of ATP) of the
anaerobic
pathways (alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation) to that of aerobic
respiration.
| CO2
+ |
H2O
+ |
--- |
Light
Energy |
---> |
Simple
Carbohydrates
(Organic Compounds) |
+ O2
+ |
Heat |
Cellular Respiration - The Basic Reaction
| O2
+ |
Simple
Carbohydrates
(Organic Compounds) |
----> |
Heat + |
Usable
Chemical
Energy
(ATP) |
+
CO2 |
+
H2O |
The Chemical reactions of Photosynthesis and Respiration are
facilitated by the action of protein molecules called ENZYMES Hoefnagels Pg. 87, fig. 4.10
Protein: A polymer of amino acids
Enzyme: A protein that catalyzes a chemical
reation.
Overview of Cellular Respiration
-
Hoefnagels Pg. 127, fig. 6.9
-
What
the
heck is all this ATP used for, anyway???
-
-cell movement (cilia and flagella movement)
-
-muscle contraction
-
-biosynthesis of macromolecules
-
-enzyme function
-
-transport of neurotransmitters between nerve cells
-
-unwinding DNA double helix in replication
-
-chromosome movement in cell division
-
-ion transport in organelles
-
-cytoplasmic streaming
-
EVERYTHING
Glycolysis occurs in the
cytoplasm.
from Hoefnagels text Pg. 124. fig. 6.6
-
The Pyruvic Acid molecules start to enter the
mitochondria.
-
As it enters a mitochondrion a molecule of CO2
is
split off the Pyruvic Acid molecule and the remaining two
carbons
are connected to a co-enzyme A molecule to produce Acetyl Coenzyme
A (Acetyl CoA).
-
In the process, a molecule of NADH (ENERGY) is produced.
-
The Acetyl CoA actually enters the Krebs Cycle
Pyruvic
Acid |
+ CoA |
+ |
Enzyme
Action |
--> |
Acetyl
CoA |
+ |
CO2 + |
NADH
(ENERGY) |
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the
Mitochondria.
-
Krebs Cycle from Hoefnagels Text, Pg. 125
figure 6.7
-
Mitochondria from Hoefnagels Text, Pg. 122
figure 6.3
-
Acetyl CoA and Krebs animation (AKA Citric Acid
Cycle) from Smith College
-
Breakdown of carbohydrates to make short-term chemical
energy
(NADH,
a little ATP, and FADH2).
-
Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle and combines with
oxalic
acid (4C)
to produce citric acid (6C)
-
Citric Acid is broken down step-by-step
-
CO2 is released
-
NADH, FADH2, and a little ATP is made (ENERGY)
-
oxalic acid (4C) is regenerated
-
The Krebs Cycle (AKA Citric Acid Cycle) from Access
Excellence
Hoefnagels Text Pg. 126, fig. 6.8
-
Electron Transport animation from Smith College
-
ETC occurs on the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Conversion of NADH & FADH2 to lots and lots of ATP.
(see Lewis, fig. 7.9 and 7.10)
Anaerobic Fermentation
Anaerobic Fermentation takes place in the absence of O2
in
the cytoplasm. (see Lewis, figure 8.14, a, pg. 139)
Summary of Energy
Production
Supplemental Web Resources
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