Text Readings in Lewis	Review questions	"To think about"
Chapter 3 Proteins & Enzymes Pages 48-53 Chapter 6 Energy, ATP, NADPH Pages 113-122 Chapter 7 How Cells Release Energy Pages 125-143	Page 143-4 Questions 1,2,5,10,13 &15	Page 144 questions 1,2 & 4

Answers to many of these questions can be found on the "Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions" page at the text website.

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The "Mastering Concept" boxes are valuable summaries of the main ideas in these sections of the text.

Objectives:

After studying this material you should be able to:

1. Describe the energy transformations that occur in the cytoplasm and mitchondria as chemical energy from glucose and other compounds is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP.

2. Draw a sketch of a mitochondrion and the adjacent cytoplasm and indicate where these energy transformations take place.

3. List the inputs (raw materials) and outputs (products) of glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the respiratory (electron transport) chain.

4. Describe the roles of ADP, ATP, NAD+, NADH, and a proton gradient in the enzyme reactions of the Krebs Cycle and the respiratory (electron transport) chain.

5. Explain where in the respiratory pathway O2 is used and CO2 is produced.
6. Describe the role of oxygen in the process of aerobic respiration.
7. Explain how weight loss and CO2 production are inseparably linked.
8. Explain how proteins and fats may be utilized by the enzymes involved in respiration.
9. Explain the role of the respiratory pathways in the processing of compounds for biosynthesis.
10. Compare the energy output of the anaerobic pathways (alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation) to that of aerobic respiration.

Respiration Links

O2 +

Carbohydrate & Other Organic Compounds

+

Living Cells

--->

ATP & Heat

+ CO2 + Water

• Glucose Activation

• Enzyme Reactions

• Production of ATP & NADH

• Production of Pyruvic Acid

• Pyruvic Acid converted to Acetyl CoA and CO2 (NADH made!) as it moves from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.

• Acetyl CoA combined with 4C compound to make Citric Acid

• Citric Acid broken down step-by-step

• CO2 released

• NAD+ reduced (e- added) to NADH

• 4C compound regenerated

• NADH provides e- to respiratory chain producing NAD+

• O2 accepts the e-, combines with H+, and produces H2O

• e- flow through respiratory chain, pumping protons (H+) to intermembrane space producing a Proton Gradient

• Proton movement through ATP synthase back into mitochondrial matrix

• ADP + Phosphate ions ----> ATP

• Alcoholic Fermentation in plants and yeast
  • Pyruvic Acid converted to ethanol and CO2

  • A small amount of ATP is produced

• Lactic Acid Fermentation in animals & some bacteria
  • Pyruvic Acid converted to Lactic Acid

  • A small amount of ATP is produced

Three types of molecules used for energy

Carbohydrates (sugars, starches)	4 Cal/gm
Fat	9 Cal/gm
Protein	4 Cal/gm

Energy Reserves of a 70 kg (154 lb) male

Fat	15 kg (33 lb)	135,000 Cal
Protein	6 kg (13 lb)	24,000 Cal
Carbohydrate	0.225 kg (0.5 lb)	900 Cal

Marathon running and Calorie burn